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Acids , by definition, are proton donors, so will donate a H + ion to a base. Examples of acids may be HCl or ethanoic/acetic acid (a.k.a. vinegar). Bases , by contrast, are proton acceptors, so will accept ...

Two major factors control how tightly held the outermost electron is and therefore how much energy is required to remove it, which gives us the size of the Ionisation energy. The first of these factors is sh...

The ionisation energy of an element is the energy required to remove the one of the outermost electrons from an atom of the element in its gaseous state. This is quite a difficult process to measure the ener...

Firstly note that in general aldehydes are more reactive than ketones. This is a result of two effects: 1. Ketones are more sterically hindered. 2. Alkyl groups are electron donating and so reduce the partia...

A mass spectrometer is a piece of lab equipment used to measure the relative atomic masses of atoms and molecules. It is widely used to identify substances in the lab. The process is often automated and requ...