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Markovnikov's rule states that, during electrophilic addition to alkenes/alkynes, the hydrogen atom in the electrophile will be added to the carbon atom in the alkene/alkyne that is bonded to he most hydr...

Chlorine is in Group 7 of the periodic table. Therefore a chlorine atom has 7 electrons in its outer shell. this atom needs one more electron to form an ion with a full outer shell. Hence the ion formed w...

There are many ways to memorise quotes and although it will always be a slog, it can actually be the most fun and rewarding part of revision. Before memorising you've got to organise quotes. A big play or...

The liver is unique in that it has a dual blood supply, both the portal venous system and the systemic circulation. 75% of the blood that flows through the liver is from the portal venous system, venous ...

Louis Pasteur showed that airborne microbes were the cause of disease, where previously people had blamed superstition. He built on the work of Edward Jenner, who discovered the smallpox vaccine, and help...