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The primary structure of a protein is determined by the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain. This amino acid sequence is directly coded for by the sequence of codons in the mRNA. As the mRNA ...

Reduced NAD carries H+ and electrons to the transport chain on the inner mitochondrial membrane allow the electron to move along the carriers in a series of redox reactions. H+ then move across the membra...

Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to generate energy, while anaerobic respiration happens without using oxygen. Aerobic respiration produces carbon dioxide, water and ATP (energy) from glucose and oxygen. A...

As temperature increases, the enzyme activity increases since the particles have more kinetic energy and collide more frequently; with a greater proportion of the collisions being successful and more enzy...

Action potential causes depolarisation of the pre-synaptic membrane. Opens voltage gated Ca²⁺ and Ca²⁺ floods in to the pre-synaptic knob. Ca²⁺ binds vesicles containing a...