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The HIV life style has 7 stages. The first is binding: HIV has glycoproteins embedded in the membrane that help it to bind to CD4 receptors on the surface of a human cell. Next, the HIV envelope and human...

Stem cells are human or plant cells which can turn into (differentiate) other cell types, more specialised for their job. They often help with growth of tissues and development of embryos. Human stem cell...

An action potential depolarises the sarcoma and depolarisation travels down the T-tubules to the sarcoplasmic reticulum, which releases Ca²⁺ (calcium ions) to the sarcoplasm. Ca²⁺ ca...

Ultrafiltration occurs in the nephron, the functional unit of the kidney. Blood enters a coiled network of vessels called the glomerulus from the afferent arteriole at a high hydrostatic pressure. The glo...

There are 4 levels of structure associated with a globular protein; primary, secondary, tertiary and quarternary. The primary structure is the organisation of amino acids, bonded by peptide bonds. The sec...