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The cardiac cycle consists of two phases, diastole and systole.

Diastole is when the heart is relaxing, allowing blood to flow into the chambers from the vena cava on the right side and t...

Homeostasis refers to the processes that occur in our bodies to maintain various factors at set values. An example of this is control of body temperature. For example, if the temperature is too high, we b...

PCR stands for polymerase chain reaction. It is a technique used very commonly in molecular biology. It is a way of replicating one strand of DNA into many copies that can then be studied. The components ...

So respiration is the means by which all cells produce energy, and this is done through aerobic or anaerobic respiration of glucose. Let's concentrate on animal cells first.

Anaerobic res...

a) Proteins, which are highly-folded poplypeptides, are broken down into shorter polypeptides, and then into amino acids, by protease enzymes.

b) Fats, or lipids, are broken down by enzym...