Search over 10,000 free study notes

Firstly, there are chemical differences between the two nucleic acids. DNA has the following structural properties:-double stranded and anti-parallel polymer held together by (relatively) weak hydrogen bo...

The chloroplast has a cell membrane like most cells/organelles. They are long and oval shaped with a similar shape/size to bacteria. Inside the organelle, the grana stack up like disks on top of one anoth...

Both antigenic shift and drift are used by viruses to adapt to selection pressures and avoid host immune systems. 

Antigenic shift is a slow change in the viral genes ove...

White blood cells in the body can attack pathogens, which are micro-organisms which cause disease. 

The white blood cells can ingest the pathogen, produc...

In the first stage of Meiosis 1 - Prophase 1, after the chromosomes have coiled and condensed they ay touch each other at points known as chiasmata, and Crossing Over occurs. This is where genetic info...