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(Using a diagram of energy changes) The simplest way of thinking about it is that exothermic reactions release energy, such as heat, to the surroundings whereas endothermic reactions absorb energy from th...

The main factor influencing a given compound's state is the strength of intermolecular forces - those need to be larger than the thermal energy for a compound to be solid/liquid. For CO2 the only type of ...

Benzene consists of six carbon atoms in a hexagonal ring, all of which are sp^2 hybridised. This allows the perpendicularly oriented 'p' orbital of each carbon to overlap laterally all around the ring. Th...

Ionisation energy is defined as the energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom or ion. As we descend down a periodic group we must think about how the atomic radius...