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The arrows represent the movement of a lone pair of electrons. For example, if a mechanism involves an oxygen atom forming a bond with a proton (hydrogen ion), then the oxygen would ‘donate’ a lone pair t...
As chain length increases, the boiling/melting point of hydrocarbon compounds increases. This is because whether a compound will change state from liquid to gas (boil) or not, depends upon the intermolecu...
Metallic bonding consists of a strong electrostatic attraction between positive metal cations and delocalised electrons. This arrangement is regular and the attraction is non-directional meaning that laye...
An acid is a substance which releases hydrogen ions (protons) when added to water. pH values of less than 7 are considered acidic, with 1 indicating it is a strong acid.
Isotopes are chemical species that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons as each other in their nuclei. For example, Deuterium (H2) and Tritium (H3) are ...
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