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Atoms can be modelled as point positive charges with clouds of electrons around them. When two atoms come together close enough, a region of higher electron density forms between the two atoms. This means...

The outer shell of electrons in metals are delocalised, meaning they are able to travel freely around the metal.

The negative electrons hold the positively charged metal ions together. The poo...

Mass spectroscopy is a highly sensitive method of analysing samples of elements and determining the isotopes present and their relative amounts. We can break down the method into four major steps: (in ord...