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Each element has a unique number of protons. For example, every carbon atom contains 12 protons. The number of neutrons can differ for each "form" of the same element - this is known as an isoto...

The fuel oil fraction has a higher boiling point. It is also dark brown in colour while the gasoline fraction is yellow. It is also more viscous (thicker and flows less easily) due to the fuel oil molecul...

Firstly, we must consider the definition of first ionisation energy (1^st IE). Thermodynamically, it is the enthalpy change when one mole of electrons is removed from a mole of gaseous atoms of ...

• Fluorine is a halogen, these group 7 elements are reactive because they require just 1 additional electron to achieve a noble configuration. 

• Fluorine is the smallest halogen, ...

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You always start by defining what a buffer solution is: A buffer solution is a system that minimises a change in pH on the...