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Buffers are solutions of acid and base which work to minimise changes in pH following the addition of small amounts of acid or base. Ideal buffers are made of a weak acid (i.e. one which does not fully di...

Water has a higher boiling point because the hydrogen bonds that form among water molecules are stronger than the Van der Waals interactions among methane molecules, thus more energy must be provided in o...

a type of wander waals force called hydrogen bonding due to the slightly positive hydrogens and slightly negative oxygen. this occurs because of the uneven attraction for electrons between the oxygen and ...

Crude oil is a mixture of different hydrocarbons, which all have different lengths and must be separated by length into different useful 'fractions'. Fractional distillation achieves this by using the fac...