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Elements of group 0 are called noble gases. These elements have stable arrangements of electrons in their outermost shell. The chemical reactivity of a group highly depends on the number of electrons i...

The evolution of heat from a reaction is often classified as being exothermic or endothermic, but how do you know which one it is in order to assign the appropriate sign?

 A simple way to...

Van der Waals forces are a form of intermolecular (between molecules) force. 

A covalent bond is created by a shared pair of electons. (For example two chlorine atoms wil...

The nitration of benzene is an example of an electrophilic substitution reaction - where one of the hydrogens (or other group attached to the benzene ring) is removed and replaced by another group. The...

deltaG= Gibbs free energy 

deltaG=deltaH - TdeltaS 

If deltaH= 150 kJ/mol and deltaS=2.1 J/mol we must first convert the deltaS into kJ/mol, this is done by multiplying by 1...