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The evolution of heat from a reaction is often classified as being exothermic or endothermic, but how do you know which one it is in order to assign the appropriate sign?

 A simple way to...

Van der Waals forces are a form of intermolecular (between molecules) force. 

A covalent bond is created by a shared pair of electons. (For example two chlorine atoms wil...

The nitration of benzene is an example of an electrophilic substitution reaction - where one of the hydrogens (or other group attached to the benzene ring) is removed and replaced by another group. The...

deltaG= Gibbs free energy 

deltaG=deltaH - TdeltaS 

If deltaH= 150 kJ/mol and deltaS=2.1 J/mol we must first convert the deltaS into kJ/mol, this is done by multiplying by 1...

METAL STRUCTURE

All metals have similar properties BUT, there can be wide variations in melting point, boiling point, density, electrical conductivity and physical streng...