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1. We first use the identity sin²x+cos²x=1  to substitute for sin^2 in terms of cos. 

          sin^2(x)=1-cos^2(x)  ------------->  -4cos^2(x)+8cosx-3=0

In organic chemistry, how can functional groups be easily identified and how can I memorise organic mechanisms?

Translate the phrase: "Yesterday I sat on the bench in the park and read my new book" and list all the nouns with their articles you can find in the phrase.