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Non-coding RNA.The sequence of Messenger RNA codes for a protein so is not functional RNA. However some RNA has catalytic function, such as ribosomal RNA, doesn't code for proteins so is functional RNA. T...

The primary structure of a protein is its amino acid sequence which is determined by the base sequence of the gene which codes for the protein. Secondary structures include alpha-helicies and beta-pleated...

Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is an example of natural selection. In a population of bacteria there may be some individuals that are not affected by the antibiotic. This may be due to random changes...

Successive ionization energies increase because for the same nuclear charge (positive pull of the nucleus) there are fewer electrons each time one is removed, thus more energy is required to remove succes...

Crude oil is separated into fractions in a process called fraction distillation. The crude oil mixture is separated in a distillation column. The column is hot at the bottom and cool at the top. Fractiona...