What is the difference between 'ser' and 'estar'?

As with 'por' vs 'para, understanding how to use the verbs 'ser' and 'estar' can be tricky when learning Spanish, given both verbs translate as 'to be' in English. As a general rule, 'ser' is used to describe permanent characteristics, whereas 'estar' is used to describe temporary states. For example, you would use the verb 'ser' to describe names or physical traits, as these are things that we would not expect to change under normal circumstances, whereas you would use the verb 'estar' to describe someone's emotions, as this is a temporary condition and we would expect it to change.