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At the first proton pump and associated electron carrier of the inner mitochondrial membrane reduced NAD releases two H⁺ ions and two electrons. An electron travels down a series of electron ca...

At rest the neuron has a charge of -70mV, this is called the resting membrane potential and is caused by different concentrations of ions inside and out of the cell. At rest, potassium ions accumulate ins...

It is possible to separate out the different organelles of a cell by spinning a homogenised solution of them at different speeds using an ultracentrifuge. The cells must first be placed in a cold, isotoni...

Exhaled air contains a higher percentage of CO2 than inhaled air, due to it being a waste product of respiration. By breathing excess CO2 into the patient, the blood acidity will decrease and will be dete...

DNA is replicated by semi-conservative replication meaning that each double stranded DNA molecule replicates to form two new double stranded molecules - each with one original and one new...