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Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules i.e. they have a hydrophilic (“water-loving”), polar head end, and a hydrophobic (“water-fearing”), nonpolar tail end (1 mark). The major phospholipids in most anim...

DNA is a long, large molecule, which allows a lot of information to be stored within in. It has a sugar-phosphate backbone, which protects it from physical and chemical damage as the phospho-diester linka...

1.AP arrives at the presynaptic neurone2.AP stimulates voltage gated Ca ion channels to open3.Increased permeability of Ca ion channels causes synaptic vesicles to fuse with presynaptic membrane4. Exocyto...

Transcription is the process by which a section of DNA acts as a template for the creation of a complementary mRNA strand. mRNA is needed for the creation of a polypeptide.
An enzyme called DNA heli...

The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems tend to have opposite effects on the organs which are innervated by their nerves. The Sympathetic NS innervates organs via the sympathetic chain and the...