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The electron transport chain is a collection of proteins (complexes), of which there are 4 types, whose purpose is to pump protons into the intermembrane space. These pro...

Cardiac muscle is myogenic i.e has the ability to contract naturally, without external stimuli, such as action potentials arriving via nerves. For the whole heart to contract in an organi...

Inside a chloroplast, there are thylakoid disks, that have their own phospholipid bilayer membrane, which contains embedded protiens, which allow the process of cyclic ad non-cyclic photophosphorylation t...

Body temperature in mammals is controlled and maintained by a small part of the brain called the hypothalamus. Information about the temperature both inside and outside of the body is det...

It can be controlled by hormonal or neuronal (from the nervous system) input. To increase the heart rate, during a fight or flight situation for example, adrenaline may be released from the adrenal glands...