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Membrane proteins on the inner membrane of the mitochondria carry the electrons from the reduced NAD and FAD along the membrane, causing the electrons to lose energy as they move down their energy levels....

Gametogenesis is the process that converts primordial germ cells (PGCs) into mature male and female gametes. There are two types spermatogenesis and oogenesis specific to males and females respectively. S...

Active transport occurs at the source, loading assimilates e.g. from photosynthesis in a leaf. This is carried out by specialised companion cells, via active pumping of hydrogen ions out of the cell, and ...

Arteries have a much thicker muscular layer than veins, as this allows them to contract strongly and generate a high pressure to allow blood to be quickly transported to tissues in the body. Arteries also...

Resting potential at - 75mV

Stimulus causes opening of sodium channels and influx of sodium ions, membrane becomes less polarized

Threshold potential reached at -55mV, opening of many more s...