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Evolution by natural selection needs three conditions to be satisfied: variation, heredity, and competition (also called differential fitness).

1. There must be variation in a popula...

There are numerous ionic fluxes during an action potential, which involves depolarisation, repolarisation and hyperpolarsation. During depolarisation, voltage-gated sodium ion channels open. In turn, sodi...

ADH is a hormone made in the hypothalamus and secreted from the pituitary gland. It circulates in the blood to the collecting ducts of the kidneys where it makes aquaporin channels through the collecting ...

The left ventricle has a thicker muscular wall and therefore produces stronger contractions.

It's very important to maintain the optimum body temperature in mammals, in particular in relation to enzymes and enzyme controlled processes. There will be the optimum temperature for enzymes where they ...