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Primary structure: Amino acids (AAs), the building blocks for all proteins, are linked together by peptide bonds. The primary sequence tells you the AAs in the protein but n...

The primary structure of a protein involves a sequence of amino acids. This forms a polypeptide chain and there are 20 different amino acids that may contribute to the primary protein structure. The secon...

Evolution by natural selection needs three conditions to be satisfied: variation, heredity, and competition (also called differential fitness).

1. There must be variation in a popula...

There are numerous ionic fluxes during an action potential, which involves depolarisation, repolarisation and hyperpolarsation. During depolarisation, voltage-gated sodium ion channels open. In turn, sodi...

ADH is a hormone made in the hypothalamus and secreted from the pituitary gland. It circulates in the blood to the collecting ducts of the kidneys where it makes aquaporin channels through the collecting ...