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A nucleophile is a chemical species that can donate a pair of electrons to a different chemical species (generally to an electrophile) to form a chemical bond in a reaction. They are generally negatively ...

Benzene has the molecular formula C₆H₆, with the 6 carbon atoms forming a planar hexagonal ring of C-C sigma bonds. The six hydrogen atoms, one attached to each carbon atom via a C-H...

First you need write out the balanced chemical equation. You will often be asked about iron(II) ions reacting with maganate(VII) ions or with dichromate ions, therefore it is easiest to learn these two eq...

1st step: SOCl₂ or PCl₃ to form an acyl chloride, which is now significanlty more electrophilic based on leaving gorup abiliity, hence an amine can now attack the acyl chloride to fo...

The theoretical Born Haber enthalpy assumes a perfect ionic model where the attraction between the ions is purely electrostatic and the ions are purely spherical. The Born Haber lattice enthalpy is the re...