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First of all, let's define ionization energy. Ionization energy is the energy needed to remove 1 electron from each atom in 1 mole of gaseous atoms. The higher this energy is, the harder it is to remove t...

Both sodium and magnesium have metallic bonding between atoms. Outer electrons become delocalised and float freely between the positive ions. The positive ions attract the negatively charged electrons so ...

Electronegativity increases across a period because the atomic radius decreases (i.e. the valence electrons are closer to the nucleus and experience a higher attraction). This is because there are more pr...

1. [H+] = 10^-4.232) [H+]^2 = Ka x [HA]3) [HA] x Ka = (3.467368505 x 10^-9)4) [HA] = 0.0932

Absorbed energy results in electron excitation. De-excitation then occurs, whereby electrons fall back down to the ground state. Energy levels are quantised, therefore each line represents a specific freq...