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As temperature increases up to the optimal temperature for the enzyme, the rate of reaction will increase at a steady rate because the kinetic energy of the enzyme and substrate molecules increases, so th...

Enzymes are proteins. They are biological catalysts, meaning they increase the rate of reaction without being used up or changed. Different enzymes have different optimum temperatures and pHs, depending o...

A 'non-specific' defence system means that its response is the same for every invader (pathogen). In the human body this includes:

Skin- a physical barrier between the outside worl...

Both sperm cells and egg cells contain a haploid nucleus, this means that they contain half the number of chromosomes of a normal diploid cell. This is so that when the egg is fertilised by the sperm ther...

1. Waste (e.g. carbon dioxide)

Carbon dioxide is a waste product of respiration, which ends up dissolving in the blood plasma. This can cause the blood pH to decrease, which will ultimate...