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Vaccines are made of dead or inactive pathogens. White blood cells in the body come into contact with the pathogen and produce antibodies which destroy the pathogen. The body produces memory cells which m...

Vaccination is a way of preparing the body's immune system to fight potential infection. By exposing the body to markers of the virus or bacteria, the white blood cells are able to recognise, memorise and...

Enzymes are proteins which catalyse (speed up without being used up) biological reactions. Each enzyme will only speed up one reaction as the shape of the enzyme molecule needs to match the shape of the m...

The cells composing the potato tissue contain fluid, or cytoplasm. This contains dissolved salts and these ions attract water molecules; cations, or positive ions, attract the partially negatively charged...

Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant internal environment in organisms despite external changes. Homeostasis ensures that cells within an environment are able to meet their needs and function appr...