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cos(4x) = cos(2(2x)) = 2(cos^2(2x)) - 1 = 2 (cos^2(x) - 1)^2 - 1 = 8(cos^4(x)) - 8(cos^2(x)) + 1

Diamond- Each carbon atom is bonded to four other carbon atoms with strong covalent bonds in a tetrahedral structure (with bond angles of 104.9 degrees). As all four valence electrons are used for bonding...

Artery walls are made up of smooth muscle tissue and a thick elastic layer which allows them to expand and contract easily, coping with the changes in blood volume that occur with each heartbeat. The musc...

In DNA replication, first the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases are broken catalysed by the enzyme helicase, causing the DNA double helix to unwind and unzip, leaving the nitrogenous bases expo...