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Adults are exposed to the toxin as a child, which initiates an immune response. B lymphocytes are produced and release antibodies which bind to the specific toxin and destroy it as part of the humoural im...

Oestrogen is a lipid soluble molecule, so it diffuses into the cell across the plasma membrane. It then binds to a recptor inside the cell and this causes it to relocate to the nucleus. The receptor then ...

A population is split into two groups by some form of barrier, either physical, such as a mountain range, or behavioral, like looking for food at different times of day. This means that the two population...

the simplest molecule present is beta glucose. These are bonded to each other via glycosidic bonds through a condensation reaction. Each molecule has been rotated 180 degrees compared to the previous one....

An inactive or weak form of the pathogen is introduced to the patient. This stimulates the production of lymphocytes which then produce antibodies against the antigen. Memory cells are also generated. If ...