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Vaccination involves the injection of small amounts of a pathogen - a microbe that causes disease - that is either dead or modified to provoke an immune response. Although these pathogens cannot ca...

Instead of trying to memorise the facts by heart, the differences between meiosis and mitosis become much easier to understand if we reason on what the purpose of each process is. The key is that: – MITOS...

Bacteria are important in the carbon cycle, because they produce carbon dioxide by breaking down dead animal and plant matter. Therefore, they act as decomposers.Bacteria are important in the nitrogen cyc...

Both are forms of cell division. All 'normal' cells undergo mitosis to produce identical copies of themselves with the same number of chromosomes. This increase in cell number leads to growth/repair of ti...

When the body is exposed to a bacterial toxin for the first time, it is recognised as foreign and an immune response will be mounted. In response to the toxin, B lymphocytes will be produced which make an...