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T helper cells recognise and bind to the antigen and become activated. The activated T helper cell stimulate B cells to form plasma cells that produce and release antibodies that are specific to the viral...
a stimulus depolarises the membrane potential above the threshold level e.g. -40 mvthis causes voltage gated Na+ ion channels to open- resulting in an influx of Na+ into the cellthis depolarises the membr...
the phagocyte recognises the antigen on the pathogen surface as foreignThe phagocyte cytoplasm moves around the pathogen, and the membranes fuse, forming a phagosomeLysosomes containing lysozymes fuse wit...
The DNA double helix unravels as helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between base pairs. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region on the DNA strand. The RNA polymerase transcribes the DNA coding strand ...
Anaerobic respiration in yeast cells produces carbon dioxide and ethanol. Whereas anaerobic respiration in muscle cells produces lactic acid only.Both, however, do produce little amounts of ATP (energy)
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