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Action potentials are how nerve impulses travel along nerve cells/neurones. At rest a neurone has a membrane potential of -70mV which is maintained by the action of sodium potassium pumps in the plasma me...

i. How does antibiotic resistance arise? antibiotic resistance = bacteria that cannot be treated with antibiotics resistance arises when bacterial genes mutate (=a change in base s...

Phagocytosis is the name given to the process where phagocytes (a type of white blood cell found in blood) will ingest invading pathogens or large partic...

The myelin sheath is a fatty layer made up of the hugely expanded plasma membrane of schwann cells which surround the axon of neurons. The axon is unprotected where the sheath of one cell meets the next a...

Firstly, a foreign pathogen will enter the body and produce chemicals that attract the phagocytes. The phagocytes will recognise this non human protein and engulf and enclose them into a vesicle to form a...