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DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. Two polynucleotide (which means nucleotide polymer) strands are twisted together and form what looks like a ladder - the DNA double helix. These two str...

Reduced NAD is oxidised at the first carrier of the electron transport chain and reduced FAD oxidised at the second. The free electrons move into the system of carriers within the membrane while the proto...

Taking a sample from an area of space where you can clearly see there to be more species richness or abundance is not taking a representative sample, and it won't tell you what is really going on in that ...

When seeing this sort of question, I would handle it by explaining what both a receptor and an effector is firstly and giving examples. Secondly, I would explicitly state the difference to make sure the a...

Primary structure: Amino acids (AAs), the building blocks for all proteins, are linked together by peptide bonds. The primary sequence tells you the AAs in the protein but n...