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The diaphragm contacts and moves down. The intercostal muscles between the ribs contract. This causes the ribcage and the sternum to move up and out. The thorax increases in width from back to front. This...

The diaphragm contracts and flattens out, increasing the volume of the thorax and decreasing the pressure in there. This causes a pressure gradient between the thorax and the outside air, so air flows int...

As part of homeostasis, it is vital for the human body to maintain blood glucose levels within a narrow range. The 2 main hormones involved are insulin, when glucose levels are too high, and glucagon, whe...

Firstly, an enzyme is a specific protein with a unique shape. The main aim of an enzyme is to CATALYSE a reaction. This means, the reaction is sped up, but the concentrations of reactants or products are ...

• Vaccines contain dead or inactive forms of a pathogen. - These dead or inactive forms stimulate the white blood cells to produce antibodies against the pathogen. - If a person is infected by the pat...