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Using "Le Chatelier's principle", the equilbrium will seek to oppose the change made to the reaction. In order to counter the increase in oxygen concentration, the reaction will shift to...
It is reduced because it gains an electron in the reaction and reduction is the gain of electrons, therefore the chlorine has been reduced.
A proton ( H+ ion) donor
Well... chemistry is the study of very tiny particles (electrons, atoms, molecules). It would be very hard for us to work with, and make calculations with, a single particle. A 'mole' is just 6.022x10^23 ...
The outer electron is further from the nucleus of the atom, therefore feeling less effective nuclear attraction . As you descend the group 1 metals, more shells of electrons are present in the metal...
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