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Moving down a group means that the shielding of the outer electrons is increased due to the greater number of inner electron shells within the atom - these are between the nucleus and the outer electrons....

Covalent molecules come in all shapes and sizes, depending on pairs of electrons in the outer shell, which repel each other due to their negative charge....

The first ionisation energy is defined as the energy required to remove one mole of electrons from each atom of a mole of gaseous atoms. As we go along a period in the periodic table, the atomic number in...

This question uses the ideal gas equation. pV = nRT where the temperature is in Kelvin, the pressure in pascals and the volume in m3. To obtain the number of moles the equation is rearranged to give p = n...

A chiral carbon is a carbon with four distinct molecular groups bonded to it. The main consequence of this is imposing optical isomerism to the compound. Optical isomers can be thought of as a non-superim...