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A species with an unpaired electron, that is very reactive. For example, oxygen radicals involved in ozone depletion.

When considering the optimal reaction conditions, one must check for pressure, temperature, concentration and catalysts involved. Le Chatelier's principle states that if a change to the system is made, th...

What is an isotope? (To ensure the students basic understanding on isotopes) Isotopes are different atomic forms of the same element, which have same number of protons but different numbe...

Chiral molecules are enantiomers. A requirement for molecule to be chiral, and therefore have 2 possible enantiomers, there must be four different substituents bonded to a carbon centre. By swapping two b...

To answer this we need to compare the two ions. The main difference between the two ions is the number of protons in the nucleus - Magnesium has one more proton than Sodium, however, if you look at the el...