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Atoms and elements are made of protons, neutrons and electrons. The nucleus is made of protons and neutrons, and the electrons surround the nucleus, as shown in the illustration below. The sum of the numb...

This can be such a confusing topic and something that I struggled with but once you get it, it makes so much sense. The best way for me to learn these was using flashcards so if that's something you want ...

IR looks at how infrared light interacts with a molecule, measuring the vibration of atoms. Bonds are continuously vibrating and moving around, much like two balls connected by a spring. This spring syste...

The boiling point of the halogens increases as you go down the group. The halogens exist as diatomic molecules, with both atoms sharing an electron to completely fill the outer shell. The increase in boil...

An optical isomer is when a molecule has a 'non-superimposable mirror image'. This means that if you draw out its reflection, it is not the same as the original. A good example in daily life would be feet...