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Ionisation energy decreases down the group. This is because the atomic radii also inrease down the group, making the removal of an electron from the valence shell of an atom easier, as electrons located f...

The elements from Na to Al have metallic bonding - the electrostatic attraction between positively charged metal ions and the delocalised electrons. Sodium forms Na+ ions, therefore 1 electron is lost fro...

Magnesium 2+ ions bind to (they don’t REALLY bind) and stabilize ATP molecules. The ATP (also ADP and AMP) contain highly reactive phosphates (the energy is stored in the chemical bonds between the phosph...

In this model ions are considered perfect spheres and therfore point charges. In this model ions have only electrostatic attraction with no covalent interactions.

In covalent bonding 2 or more atoms share electron in their outter shells to give them all full outer shells. In ionic bonding one atom donates one or more electons to another atom, the donating atom beco...