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Graphite is carbon-based, formed of multiple sheets of carbon atoms. The carbon atoms are bound to three neighbouring carbon atoms by covelent bonds, leaving a free electron which can conduct current thro...

NaCl is a complex molecule involving Na and Cl.

Na is positively charged and Cl is negatively charged. As a result, the type of bonding cannot be covalent (as the molecules have charge), cannot be ...

A catalyst is a substance which provides an alternative pathway requiring a lower activation energy for the chemicals to react, and speeds up the rate of reaction. A catalyst also remains chemically uncha...

F2 has van der Waals’ forces, whilst HCl has permanent dipole–dipole attractions. Permanent dipole–dipole attractions are much stronger than induced dipoles. More enegery is required to break the stronger...

Azo dyes are coloured because they contain alternating single and double bonds, known as a conjugated system. This creates and areas of delocalisation above and below the plane of the molecule. This area ...