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The useful thing is that different elements have been grouped together on the periodic table so that it's easy to see which ones share something in common. Group 1 elements become 1+, Group 2 becomes 2+, ...

Graphite is carbon-based, formed of multiple sheets of carbon atoms. The carbon atoms are bound to three neighbouring carbon atoms by covelent bonds, leaving a free electron which can conduct current thro...

NaCl is a complex molecule involving Na and Cl.

Na is positively charged and Cl is negatively charged. As a result, the type of bonding cannot be covalent (as the molecules have charge), cannot be ...

A catalyst is a substance which provides an alternative pathway requiring a lower activation energy for the chemicals to react, and speeds up the rate of reaction. A catalyst also remains chemically uncha...

F2 has van der Waals’ forces, whilst HCl has permanent dipole–dipole attractions. Permanent dipole–dipole attractions are much stronger than induced dipoles. More enegery is required to break the stronger...