Search over 10,000 free study notes

Chlorine’s outer electrons / shell closer to the nucleus so the chlorine nucleus has greater attraction for outer electrons / shell and therefore chlorine gains an electron more easily.

HCl, due to chlorine electronegativity, is a polar molecule. This causes dipole-dipole interactions between molecules that need to be overcome for the molecules to boil. Water also has dipole interactions...

If we look at group 7 of the periodic table, we can see that iodine is below chlorine. The trend in going down a group in the periodic table is that the number of electron shells increases, therefore, num...

As you go down group 2, atom size increases. Larger atoms experience more shielding. There is an increase in nuclear charge going down group 2 elements so you would expect the outer electrons to be held m...

Covalent Bonding - This type of bonding occurs typically between non-metal elements with an incomplete outer shell of electrons. Elements may share a pair of electrons in order to complete their outer she...