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There are two common forms of treatments that are based on the conditioning explanations of phobias. If phobias are acquired through classical conditioning and maintained through operant conditioning, sys...

Reinforcement is anything that increases the frequency of a behaviour. Punishment decreases the frequency. Reinforcement can be split into two categories: positive reinforcement refers to adding something...

Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) proposed a model of memory that consists of three stores: the sensory store, short-term memory and long-term memory. The sensory store receives information about the world fro...

Bystander effect is when numerous people fail to help strangers in an emergency situation. Such as the case with Kitty Genovese, which happened in the year 1964 in the New York City. She was stabbed and r...

A stereotype threat is one of many ways in which observers may cause others to confirm stereotypes. For instance, when boys and girls are reminded of their gender before writing a math test, girls will sc...