Explain how an electrochemical gradient is formed in the mitochondria, and how this gradient is used to synthesise ATP.

At the first proton pump and associated electron carrier of the inner mitochondrial membrane reduced NAD releases two H+ ions and two electrons. An electron travels down a series of electron carriers, each with a higher affinity for the electron. At each transfer, energy is released. This energy is used by the proton pumps to actively transport H+ ions from the mitochondrial matrix, across the inner mitochondrial membrane, and into the intermembrane space against their concentration gradient. H+ ions accumulate in the intermembrane space of the mitochondria, forming an electrochemical gradient.
The only route for the H+ ions to return to the mitochondrial matrix is via the proton channel of the ATP-synthetase complex. H+ ions diffuse passively from the intermembrane space, across the inner mitochondrial membrane, and into the mitochondrial matrix. This flow of protons provides the energy required for the ATP synthetase enzyme to convert ADP and Pi (inorganic phosphate) into ATP.

LZ
Answered by Laurence Z. Biology tutor

3734 Views

See similar Biology A Level tutors

Related Biology A Level answers

All answers ▸

Describe the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of proteins


Explain why a mutation in the viral RNA leads to a change in the 3D shape of the protein antigens (3 marks)


How does cholera cause diarrhoea and dehydration?


What are the key steps in the light dependent reaction of photosynthesis?


We're here to help

contact us iconContact usWhatsapp logoMessage us on Whatsapptelephone icon+44 (0) 203 773 6020
Facebook logoInstagram logoLinkedIn logo

© MyTutorWeb Ltd 2013–2025

Terms & Conditions|Privacy Policy
Cookie Preferences