With examples, outline the three major tectonic boundaries and their associated features

There are three types of plate boundaries: convergent, divergent and transform.
(Next to each explanation, include a simple diagram, making sure to label each key component.)
ConvergentConvergent boundaries occur when two plates collide; the features that are produced at these zones vary depending on whether the plates that are colliding are made from oceanic or continental crust. When continental and oceanic plates collide, the thinner and denser oceanic plate is overridden by the thicker and less dense continental plate. The oceanic plate is forced down into the mantle in a process known as subduction; materials start to melt at a depth of about 100 mile. This process of partial melting produces magma chambers above the subducting oceanic plate, where buoyant material slowly ascends through overlying material. Magma chamber formation will be accompanied with earthquakes, and if a magma chamber reaches the surface without solidifying, the magma will break through in the form of a volcanic eruption. The Andes Mountain Range in South America is an example of an oceanic-continental plate boundary, as the Nazca Plate is subducting beneath the South American plate. A convergent plate boundary between two oceanic plates follows a similar process as in an oceanic-continental plate boundary. Normally, the older oceanic plate will subduct due to its higher density. Again, the plate will begin to melt at around 100 miles depth, and form magma chambers. If these reach the surface, they will break through to form a volcanic eruption cone. These will begin deep beneath the ocean but over time can grow to be higher than sea level, thus beginning the formation of an island chain. Examples of this include Japan, and the Eastern Caribbean islands of Martinique, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent. In a continental setting (where both plates are made from continental crust), mountain ranges form as the two plates fold and buckle; as their density  is lower than the mantle, both plates are prevented from subducting. This leads to a powerful collision and subsequent earthquakes. Examples of this include the Himalaya and the Alps.
DivergentDivergent boundaries form when two tectonic plates move away from each other. These plate boundaries are constructive in nature – new crust forms as magma rises to the Earth’s surface between the two plates. When a divergent boundary occurs beneath oceanic lithosphere, the rising convection current below lifts the lithosphere, producing a mid-ocean ridge. The most well-known of these is the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.A divergent boundary can also occur beneath a thick continental plate, though this will not create a single break through the thick plate material. Instead, the continental plate is arched upwards, and fractured into a rift-shaped structure. As the plates pull apart, normal faults develop on each side, and the central blocks slide downwards. Earthquakes occur as a result of fracturing and movement. The East African Rift Valley, as the name suggests, is a good example of this type of plate boundary, and the Red Sea is an example of an old rift valley, where the plates have fully separated, and the central rift valley has fallen below sea level.
TransformTransform plate boundaries occur where two plates slide past one another – the most well-known of these faults is the San Andreas Fault Sone in North America. The fracture zone that forms a transform plate boundary is known as a transform fault – the majority of these are found in the ocean basin and connect offsets in mid-ocean ridges, although a small number connect mid-ocean ridges and subduction zones. There is no associated volcanism but earthquakes are typical along transform faults.

Answered by Caitlin T. Geography tutor

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