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The fossil record provides a comprehensive array of evidence for evolution. For example Darwin studied Brachiopods, and within rocks you can see the clear change in the Brachiopods through time. The fo...

Pathogens are first recognised as a foreign body by the antigens on it's membrane, as they are non-self antigens. The body then triggers a response by attaching antibodies to these antigens. Phagocytes...

A hormone is a chemical messenger. Just remembering these two words gives you a starting point to explain the properties of a hormone in as much detail as you need. We'll break it down...

At GCSE level, you probably looked at the basic structure of an animal cell comprising the cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus. These are all that is normally visible of a cell when you look at it und...

CO₂ from the atmosphere diffuses into the leaf through the stomata and then into the stroma within the chloroplasts of mesophyll cells.  In the stroma the enzyme Ribusco catalyes the combini...