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A mass spectrometer is a piece of lab equipment used to measure the relative atomic masses of atoms and molecules. It is widely used to identify substances in the lab.

The process is ofte...

Effective Nuclear Charge is the net positive nuclear charge experienced by a valence electron orbiting the positively charged nucleus in an atom. Effective nuclear charge is redcued by:

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The pi-bonds in benzene are delocalised over the entire ring, while in an alkene the pi-bonds are only delocalised over two carbon atoms. This means that benzene has a lower charge denisity than an alk...

For this question we will look at Sodium Sulphite (Na₂SO₃) and its titration against Potassium Permanganate (KMnO₄). This requires acidic conditions.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) is a spectroscopic technique used to detect certain nuclei in a molecule.

¹H and ¹³C are the most commonly identified nuclei , howev...