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At the first proton pump and associated electron carrier of the inner mitochondrial membrane reduced NAD releases two H⁺ ions and two electrons. An electron travels down a series of electron ca...

At rest the neuron has a charge of -70mV, this is called the resting membrane potential and is caused by different concentrations of ions inside and out of the cell. At rest, potassium ions accumulate ins...

Xylem passively and unidirectionally transports water (by osmosis) from the roots to the leaves of a plant, whereas phloem uses active transport to bidirectionally transport food from the leaves to growin...

It is possible to separate out the different organelles of a cell by spinning a homogenised solution of them at different speeds using an ultracentrifuge. The cells must first be placed in a cold, isotoni...

If blood sugar levels are too high insulin is released from the pancreas so glucose is moved into cells. If blood sugar levels are too low glucagon is released and stimulates conversion of glycogen to glu...