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Phenol > Toluene > Benzene > Chlorobenzene.

The reactivity of the ring is dependant on how electron rich it is, as this determines the extent to which the (positively charged) electrophile...

Background knowledge Boiling point reflects the strength of intermolecular forces. The more attracted molecules are to each other, the more energy is needed to separate them and tu...

The purpose of a mechanism in organic chemistry is to show the movement of electron density leading to the reaction. Keeping this in mind, when faced with the starting materials, the first thing to identi...

For a reaction to occur between particles (reactants) they must overcome an energy barrier. This is called the activation energy. A catalyst provides an alternative pathway for the reaction, that has a lo...

Covalent bonding involves the sharing of pairs of electrons. The atoms involved are non-metals such as carbon, oxygen and hydrogen. When these atoms join together they form molecu...