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The reagents needed are sulphuric acid and nitric acid. It may be useful to notice that nitric acid here acts as a stoichiometric reagent, in that it is used up in the reaction to nitrate the toluene, but...
An Open System is one in which one or more of the reactants or products are able to escape from the container. A Closed System is one in which neither the reactants or the products can escape from the co...
Ionic bonding occurs when a metal and non-metal react together. It involves the metal atom losing electrons from its outer shell to become a positive ion (as there are more positive protons in the nucleus...
Le Chatelier's principle states that is there is a change in concentration, pressure or temperature, the equilibrium will move in order to counteract the change. Firstly temerature - in an reversible reac...
A chiral carbon is a carbon atom that is attached to 4 different types of atoms or groups of atoms.
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