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Fixed interval: The presentation of a reward after a fixed amount of time (e.g., $1 every hour) Fixed ratio: The presentation of a reward after a fixed amount of effort (e.g., $1 every 5 questions answer...

Operant conditioning is where one is able to change the behaviour of another person or animal using reinforcement and punishment. The term was used by Skinner (1938) who demonstrated that when rats are po...

This does depend slightly on the essay that you are writing, however as an overarching structure I would use the following:

Start by stating your argument this can be anything about the theory that...

For SAQs (Short Answer Questions) in Paper 1, remember that they are worth 8 marks each. You can easily get at least 6 marks if you do the following. I will use the bullet point "Explain one study re...

The null hypothesis: - States that results are due to chance, and not due a significant effect of the theory/idea the research is testing. The research hypothesis: - States that the results are not due to...