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There is VARIATION amongst the population due to naturally occuring MUTATION during DNA replication . The antibiotics act as a SELECTION PRESSURE, so only the bacteria with the allele for antibiotic resis...

to find the area integrate the function between 0 and pi/2:

indefinite integral of y = -1/2 cos(2x) + sin(x) + c

ignore c and input boundary conditions:

[-1/2 cos(pi) + sin(pi/2)] - [...

rewrite as y = 4x^5 - 5x^(-2)

dy/dx = 20x^4 + 10x^(-3)

integral of y = 4x^6 / 6 + 5x^(-1) / 1 + c

simplify: 2/3 x^6 + 5/x

The first step would be to consider each of the powers individually, work out their value and then proceed with the subtraction to end up with a result. Firstly, as this question is to be done without a c...

1. Thin walls for short diffusion path 2. Narrow, so have a large surface area to volume ratio