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Tensile stress is the force exerted per unit cross-sectional area on an object.

Tensile strain is the extension per unit original length of an object.

By definition z*  = a - bj.

We can write z/z* = ((a+bj)/(a-bj))*(a+bj)/(a+bj).

We calculate this to be z/z* = (a^2-b^2)/(a^2+b^2) + j(2ab)/(a^2+b^2).

Therefore, Re(z/z*) = (a^2-b^2)/(...

Isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons, but a different number of protons. Therefore, isotopes have the same atomic number but a different mass number.

An example of an isotope is carbo...